RADIOGRAPIC TESTING :-

2.2.1        RADIOGRAPIC TESTING :-

The radiation used in Radiographic Testing is a higher energy (Shortest wavelength) version of the Electromagnetic waves that we see as visible light. The radiation can come from an X-ray generator or radioactive source.

Isotope – Natural source of radiation

X-ray – Artificial source of radiation

Main uses of RT:

1.      RT is used to inspect almost any material for surface and subsurface defect.

2.      X-ray can also use to locate and measure internal features.

3.      Confirm the hidden part in assembly.

Equipment’s used in RT:

1.      X-ray generator

2.      Radioisotope source

3.      Radiographic film

4.      Exposure vaults and cabinets

Procedure:

1.      Put the component in front of radiation exposure.

2.      Selection of penetrometer.

3.      Put the radiographic film on opposite side of component.

4.      Activate the radiographic source.

5.      Evaluate the radiographic film observations and find out the defects.

Advantages:

1.      It can be used to inspect virtually all materials.

2.      Detects surface and subsurface defects.

3.      Ability to inspect complex shapes and multilayered structures without disassembly.

4.      Minimum part preparation is required.

Disadvantages:

1.      Extensive operator training and skill required

2.      Access to both sides of structure is usually required

3.      Orientation of the radiation beam to non volumetric defects is critical

4.      Field inspection of thick section can be time consuming

5.      Relatively expensive equipment

ULTRA SONIC TESTING:-

2.2.1     ULTRA   SONIC TESTING:-

High frequency sound waves are introduced into a material and they are reflected back from surfaces or flaws. Reflected sound energy is displayed verses time and inspector can visualize a cross section of the specimen and showing depth of defect.

MAIN USES

It used to locate surface and subsurface defect in many materials including metals, plastic and wood. UT is also used to measure the thickness of the material and otherwise characterized property of material based on sound velocity measurement.

Equipment used in RT-

1.      Ultrasonic Machine

2.      Probe

3.      Reference Gauge

4.      Couplant

Procedure-

1.      Set the machine for proper thickness and set the velocity for the given material.

2.      Apply the coupler on components surface

3.      Get the reading on LED screen by moving the probe on the surface of component.

4.      If we observe the fluctuation in graph then, defect may be present.

Advantages of UT:

1.      Sensitive to both surface and subsurface

2.      Depth of penetration for flow detection or measurement is superior to other NDT methods.

3.      Only single sided access is needed.

4.      Minimum part preparationisrequired and provide instantaneous result.

Disadvantages of UT:

1.      Surface must be accessible to transmit ultrasound.

2.      Skill and training is more extensive than with some other method.

3.      It required Couplant medium is required to promote transfer of sound energy into test specimen.

4.      Rough material difficult to inspect.

MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING

2.2.1        MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING:-

NDT method is accomplished by indicating a magnetic filled in a ferromagnetic material and then dusting the surface with iron particles (either dry or suspended in liquid).

Surface and near-surface flows produces magnetic poles or distort the magnetic filled in such a way that the iron particles are attached and concentrated. This produces a visible indication of defects on surface of material.

Type of MPT:
            1. visual testing

2. Fluorescent testing

Main uses of MPI:

                 It is used to inspect ferromagnetic materials (those that can be magnetized) for                     defects that result in a transmission in the magnetic permeability of a material.

Magnetic particle inspection can defect surface and near surface.

Equipment’s used:

A).Yoke

B). Magnetic particle (liquid &solid form)

C).pieguage

D).controller

E) UV Light source

Procedureof MPI:

1. clean the surface & hold the yoke on a given component and apply the current to produce the magnetic filled.

2. Apply the ferrous indicator (generally black in color) on the surface area of the component.

3. By holding the yoke in a different angles observe the discontinuities (if any)

4. Inspection & demagnetization.

Advantages of MPI:

1. The large surface area of complex parts can be inspected rapidly.

2. It can detect surface and subsurface flaws.

3. Surface preparation is less critical than it is in penetrant inspection.

4. MPI are produced directly on the surface of the parts and form an image of the discontinuity.

5. The cost is low.

Disadvantages of MPI:

1. Only ferromagnetic materials can be inspected.

2. Proper alignment of magnetic filled and defect is critical.

3. Large currents are needed for very large parts.

4. It requires smooth surface

LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING

2.2.1        LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING:-

Penetrant solution is applied to the surface of a precleaned component. The liquid is pulled into surface breaking defects by capillary action. Excess penetrant material is carefully cleaned from the surface.

A developer is applied to pull the trapped penetrant back to the surface where it is spread out and forms an indication. The indication is much easier to see than the actual defects

MAIN USES OF PENETRANT TESTING

It is used to locate cracks, porosity and other defects that break the other surface of a material and have enough volume to trap and hold the penetrant material.

LPT is used to inspect large areas very effectively and will work on most nonporous materials.

Equipment’s used:

1.      Developer

2.      Penetrant

3.      Cleaner

Procedure:

1.      Cleaning (remove oil and dust )

2.      Application of penetrant (red or violet)

3.      Remove of excesses penetrant (dwell of 10 min ) by thinner

4.      Apply developer (white color) dwell 10 min.

5.      Evaluation of the indication

6.      Remove of residual or developer

7.      Application protective coating

Advantages of LPT:

1.      Large surface areas or large volumes of parts or materials can be inspected rapidly and at low cost.

2.      Parts with complex geometry are routinely inspected.

3.      Indications are produced directly on surface of the parts providing a visual image of the discontinuity.

4.      Equipment investment is minimum.

Disadvantages of LPT:

1.       The defects are only surface breaking defects.

2.       Surface preparation is critical as contaminants can mask defects

3.       It requires relatively smooth and nonporous surface

4.       Post cleaning is necessary to remove chemical

Non-Destructive Testing

NDT was the department in which we were placed for the industrial training. This department is concerned with Non-Destructive Testing of various components which are usually seen in Industries as well as in day to day life. These testing methodologies have vast application and demand not only in manufacturing industries, production, assembly, castings but also machining departments, welding dept. medical science, etc. These testing of theequipment’s are performed in multiple stages involving detailed calculations and complex analysis to provide maximum safety. These testing can be performed at various stages of materials such as at the raw materials, while Primary preprocessing, Machining, also at the stage of finishing for safety. Also testing of material can be done at working stages of the component.

Hence the NDT Works has a huge department concerned with the testing of the equipment’s and components, besides the gigantic workshops where manufacturing of the equipment’s take place.

Under the guidance of Mr. V. Bhosale, Director, S V Tech, We got the opportunity to have exposure to the works carried out in this department of the industry, and hence learn a good deal from them. During the period of two months of industrial training, the works primarilyassigned were concerned with testing.

Solar ship

Now a days conventional is becoming scarce, therefore we should search for increased use of non conventional energy sources. Today the largest requirement of energy is found in transportation and communication applications.

Solar energy is non conventional energy, this energy inexhaustible, free of and never creates any type of pollution. Solar energy is available over the sea surface and can be used for transport vehicles in sea. Due to this reason there is scope for using solar energy operated ship .This project work has been selected explore the use of application of solar energy in marine transport.

Objectives

To design and construct a simple ship powered by solar energy suitable for following applications:

·Transportation of heavy material in Sea

·Fishing in river

·Boating in lake

Performance Evaluation of thermosyphon heat pipe Heat exchanger

Performance Evaluation of thermosyphon heat pipe Heat exchanger

Bangale A.A.,

Mechanical Engineering department , SKNSCOE, Korti ,Pandharpur

Abstract - An experimental investigation is carried out to predict the performance of two phase closed thermosyphon heat pipe. A copper thermosyphon with a length of 1000 mm long,  with an evaporator length of 450 mm and condenser length of 450 mm & adiabatic length of 100 mm. The outer diameter of 25.4 mm & inner diameter 22.4 mm was employed. Thermosyphon was charged with 60% of Al₂O₃-water based nano fluid as a working fluid . The Al₂O₃ nano particals having size less than 50 nm is taken 1% by weight & mixed with water for preparation of nano fluid. The thermosyphon was tested for various inclinations of 0⁰,15⁰ and 20⁰ at a constant flow rate of 0.1 Kg/s. The thermal performance of thermosyphon is analysed.It is seen that  in condenser section, pipe wall temperatures increases towards the end where the coolant outlet pipe was located. The increase was due to the gain of heat by coolant water flowing from inlet to outlet section of condenser. The percentage increase in the heat transfer coefficient of two phase closed thermosyphon when it is at 20⁰ is average 99% more than the vertical position. The percentage increase in the heat transfer coefficient of two phase closed thermosyphon when it is at 15⁰ is average 6% more than the vertical position.

Keywords— Thermosyphon, Nano fluid, heat transfer coefficient

I.   Introduction

A heat pipe is simple device with no moving parts that can transfer large quantities of heat over small distances essentially at constant temperature without requiring any power input. It is a device of very high thermal conductance. It is basically sealed slender tube containing wick structure lined on inner surface and small amount of fluid such as water at the saturated state. It consists of three sections: Evaporator, at one end:  where heat is absorbed and fluid is vaporized. Condenser, at other end:  where vapor is condensed and heat is rejected. Adiabatic , in between evaporator and condenser : where the vapor and the liquid phases of the fluid flow in opposite directions to complete the cycle with no significant heat transfer between fluid and surrounding medium. Thermosyphon is similar to heat pipe in operation except for return of liquid to the evaporator section. In heat pipe, liquid is comes to evaporator with help of gravity. Hence, it is also known as wickless heat pipe. As the thermosyphon relies on gravity to pump the liquid back to the evaporator section, it cannot operate at inclinations close to the horizontal position. This research paper  deals with study of thermosyphon heat pipe heat exchanger with different heat inputs and different angle of inclinations using 1% Al₂O₃-water based nano fluid.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW: Many investigations were carried out in order to enhance heat pipe and thermosyphon performance. Some researches focused on using more efficient working fluid to increase the heat pipe performance. In the recent years with more scientific attention in using nano-fluids for different purposes, many researchers have been focused to employ these fluids in heat pipes and thermosyphons. S.U.S. Choi [1] investigated that larger relative surface area of nanoparticles, compared to those of conventional particles, should not only significantly improve heat transfer capabilities, but also should increase the stability of the suspensions. Das & et al.[2] examined the effect of temperature on thermal conductivity enhancement for nano-fluids containing Al₂O₃ (38.4 nm) or CuO (28.6 nm) through an experimental investigation using temperature oscillation method. They observed that 2 to 4 fold increase in thermal conductivity can take place over the temperature range of 21^oC to 52^oC.Tsai &et al.[3] also employed aqueous solutions of various-sized gold nanoparticles. They found a large decrease of thermal resistance of the heat pipe with nanofluids as compared with de-ionized water. Senthilkumar R. & et al [4]  found that the thermal efficiency of copper nano-fluid is higher than the base fluid DI water and thermal resistance significant reduction in thermal resistance. D.W. Zhou [5] concluded that, with an acoustic field generated into the working fluid, heat transfer was enhanced by CuO nanoparticles, irrespectively of heat flux. The trend becomes more obvious with the increasing of fluid sub cooling, sound source intensity and nano-fluid concentration. Paisarn Naphon & et al.[6] concluded that pipe with 0.10% nano particles volume concentration, the thermal efficiency is 10.60% higher than that with the based working fluid. Sameer Khandekar& et al [7] A two-phase gravity assisted thermosyphon was designed, fabricated and tested with three nanofluids based on water (with 1% by weight of Al₂O₃, CuO, and laponite clay). Baseline thermal performance was obtained with pure water as the working fluid. In general, it is observed that thermal performance deteriorates when Nano fluids are used as working fluids.

 Scope of work : From the literature review it is found that there is lot of  scope to use the water based Nano fluid as a smart working fluid .Also it is observed that inclination of thermosyphon with an angle with vertical plays major role in its thermal performance. So the proposed work is concerned with experimental investigation of TPCT heat pipe with the following objectives:

Ø  To study the performance of thermosyphon at  flow rates of 0.1 kg/s when thermosyphon heat pipe is in vertical position & when it is in inclined position (i.e. 15 & 20 degree).

Ø  To study the performance of thermosyphon for different temperature input (i.e. from 40 ⁰C to 75 ⁰C) when thermosyphon heat pipe is in vertical and inclined position.

Ø   To analyze the effect of different temperature input on heat transfer coefficient, efficiency, heat output etc. for a given mass flow rates.

          3. Experimental set-up  :  Figure 3.1 . shows the experiment set-up for the study of heat transfer characteristics of a thermosyphon heat pipe. The thermosyphon is made from copper tubes with a diameter of 25.4mm, 1mm thickness, 1 m length, evaporating section 45 cm in length, 10cm adiabatic section with working fluid filling 60% of the evaporating section. The working fluid used in this research work is Al₂O₃-water based nano- fluid. This is prepared by mixing Al₂O₃ nano particles (1% by weight of water) to the distilled water and its uniform distribution in water is obtained by using ultrasonic homogeniser. After filling thermosyphon with working fluid, it is evacuated upto 0.001bar pressure and then it is sealed. The condenser and evaporator jacket _are prepared with the help of PVC pipe for giving heat input and obtaining heat output with the help of hot water and cold water respectively. Total five K type thermocouples are used to measure the surface temperature of thermosyphon heat pipe which are equally spaced. The four K type of thermocouples are used to get inlet and outlet water flow temperature for both evaporating and condensing sections. One litre measuring flask is used to measure water flow rate,which is kept fixed for experimentation. The water pump is used for passing the water from hot water tank to inlet of evaporator section. The heaters were used for heating of water. The two coil of 500 watts has been used for heating. The heater tank has 15 litre capacity which has been used for storing water. The experimentations are conducted using experimental set-up to study the proposed objectives.

Fig.3.1 Experimental Setup

4. CALCULATIONS:-

Following list of formulae are used to calculate required quantities for analysis of thermosyphon heat pipe.

Ø  Heat input given to the thermosyphon heat pipe at evaporator is   calculated as 

     Q _in =  m_hx C_px (T_h1-T_h2)_……… Watt

Ø  Heat rejected at condenser section is calculated by

            Q _out = m_c x C_px(T_c2-T_c1)_……… Watt

Ø  The heat transfer coefficient in the condenser can be evaluated using the following equation:

            h_c  = [Q_out / (π D_i L_c (T_s–T_bm)]……W/m²K

Ø  The average temperature evaporator section is calculated by

             T_avg = (T₄+T₅ )/2

Ø  The Percentage efficiency of Thermosyphon is given by

          % Efficiency= (Q_out/Q_in)x 100

5. 5.             5. Performance Analysis and Result Discussion :

Afte

Fig 5.1

Fig 5.2

Fig. 5.3

     From the Fig.5.1  to Fig. 5.3 it is observed  that temperature gradient is nearly constant. As length increases temperature along the surface of two phase closed thermosyphon is decreases. The temperature at the inlet of condenser section decreases because water starts to enter and at exit temperature is highest due to gain of heat from inlet to outlet.

Fig. 5.4

Fig. 5.4 it is seen that the effect of inclination on heat transfer coefficient. Heat transfer coefficient increase as temperature increases. Also heat transfer coefficient is more in case of 20⁰ as compared to 0⁰ and 15⁰.

Fig. 5.6

From Fig.5.5, it is seen that efficiency increases as mass flow rate increases. Efficiency of 20⁰ inclination is more as compared to 0⁰ & 15⁰.This may be due to the gravity forces may be dominant at 20⁰ as compared to other forces.

6. CONCLUSIONS:

From the research work done we got the following conclusions

Ø  When input temperature of thermosyphon increases from 40 to 75 ⁰C, then  heat transfer rate also increases.

Ø  The performance of TPCT depends upon angle of inclination with vertical. When angle of inclination of TPCT changes from 0 to 20⁰ there is change in heat transfer coefficient and efficiency.

Ø  The heat output of two phase closed thermosyphon increases when temperature increases from 40 ⁰C to 75 ⁰C and it is highest at 20⁰ than the 15⁰ and vertical position.

Ø  The efficiency of two phase closed thermosyphon increases when temperature increases from 40 ⁰C to 75 ⁰C and it is highest at 20⁰ than the 15⁰ and vertical position.  

Ø  In condenser section, pipe wall temperatures increases towards the end where the coolant outlet pipe was located. The increase was due to the gain of heat by coolant water flowing from inlet to outlet section of condenser.

7. References:-

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[2] S.K. Das, N. Putra,W. Roetzel, “Pool boiling characteristics of nano-fluids”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 46 (5) (2003) 851–862.

[3] C.Y. Tsai, H.T. Chien, P.P. Ding, B. Chan, T.Y. Luh, P.H. Chen, “ Effect of structural character of  gold nanoparticles in nanofluid on heat pipe thermal performance”, Material Letters 58  (2004), pp1461– 1465.

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[5] D.W. Zhou, “ Heat transfer enhancement of copper nanofluids with acoustic cavitation”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (2004) 3109–3117.

[6] Paisarn Naphon, Pichai Assadamongkol, Teerapong Borirak, “ Experimental investigation of            titanium  nanofluids on the heat pipe thermal efficiency”, International Communications   in           

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[8] M. Kannan & E.Nataranjan , “Thermal Performance of a Two-Phase Closed Thermosyphon for  waste Heat Recovery System”, Journal of applied sciences 10 (5): 413-418,2010.

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[18] K. S. Ong and W. L. Tong, “Inclination and Fill Ratio Effects on Water Filled Two-Phase Closed T hermosyphon”,10th IHPS,Taipei, Taiwan,Nov. 6-9, 2011.

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[20] Yoshihiro Iida and Kentarou Tsutsui ,  “The effects of Ultrasonic Waves on Natural Convection, Nucleate Boiling, and Film Boiling Heat transfer from a wire to a saturated liquid”, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 1992; 5:108-115

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[22] Carlo Bartoli and Federica Baffigi, “ Effects of ultrasonic waves on the heat transfer enhancement in subcooled boiling”, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 35 (2011) 423–432

[23] Ho-Young Kim , Yi Gu Kim and Byung Ha Kang , “Enhancement of natural convection and pool boiling heat transfer via ultrasonic vibration”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (2004) 2831–2840

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[27]Ganesh Ranakoti, Irtisha, Sandhya Dewangan, Siddhartha Kosti, Rohan Nemade, “Heat Transfer Enhancement by Nano Fluids”, ME642-Convective Heat and Mass Transfer, April 2012.

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